In general terms, the Directors shall not be personally liable for the obligations assumed in name of the Company during its regular management; however, they can be deemed liable (on a civil liability basis ) for damages and losses arising from either transgression of Articles of Association/Bylaws or the law, or in cases they have wilfully or culpably used their powers.
Also, a Director may be held liable for other Director’s illegal acts should he consent with such illegal acts, neglects to detect them, or, once aware of them, fails to prevent them.
In this sense, Directors are not liable for acts performed by their predecessors, unless it is proven that such acts continued to be performed during their new mandate. In such cases, the liability would be for the period of their new mandate, and not for the previous period.
There may be an exception when labour liability is concerned. As Brazilian Labour Courts are highly protective of employees, in case the Company, its shareholders and prior Directors do not have assets that could be pledged to cover the debt, then the current Directors may have their assets pledged. In such case, they would be able to claim back from the Company and/or Ecolab any losses suffered.
Furthermore, specific events of liability might come up depending on the area of law to which the action or omission is subject:
- civil: fraud against creditors and abuse of powers (precedents), which may also lead to the disregard of legal entity;
- corporate: corporate purposes deflection, asset mix up;
- tax: abuse of power or transgression of law/ articles of association; irregular winding up;
- social security: social security contributions embezzlement (in Brazil a part of the social security is deducted from the employee’s salary and must be paid to the government) or evasion;
- labor: directors may be held liable in case of willful or culpable behavior. Also, should the company not pay the debt judicially recognized or no company’s assets be found for attachment the judge is likely to disregard the legal entity (precedents) and, in case the shareholders are not resident in Brazil, the Directors’ assets may be attached;
- environmental: damages to the environment with consent with actions, negligence to detect actions, or in case of failure to prevent them once aware;
- antitrust: transgression of economic order (either by the company or its Directors), and abuse of power or transgression of law/ articles of association (it may lead to the disregard of legal entity);
- bankruptcy: officers may be treated as debtor or as bankrupt entity for criminal purposes provided they are culpable;
- corruption: the practice of acts considered harmful to the Public Administration (national or international), such as to promise, offer or give, directly or indirectly, undue advantage to a public servant or a related third party; proven finance, bear costs, sponsor or in any other way support the practice of any illegal acts foreseen in the law;
- other criminal issues: please see answer to question 3 below.