The New Dutch Shareholder Dispute Resolution Scheme

“He out… or me out”

In the Netherlands, the legal landscape for resolving shareholder disputes has recently undergone a significant transformation. As of January 1, 2025, a new scheme—the so-called “geschillenregeling”—offers companies and shareholders a more practical and efficient way to address internal conflicts.

Shareholder conflicts are not unique to the Netherlands; they arise in companies everywhere, often because of unclear agreements, differing expectations, or personal tensions. Previously, Dutch law provided only lengthy and complex procedures, which sometimes made it impossible to reach a timely and effective solution. The new scheme changes this by introducing clear legal pathways for both majority and minority shareholders to break deadlocks and protect their interests.

At the heart of the new regulation is the theme “He out… or me out.” This phrase captures the essence of the two main legal actions now available. The first is the forced exit, where shareholders representing at least one-third of the company’s capital can ask the court — the Enterprise Chamber, known locally as the Ondernemingskamer — to force the departure of a shareholder whose conduct seriously harms the company. This conduct can include actions outside the formal role of shareholder, such as engaging in competing business activities.

The second route is the forced buyout, which allows a shareholder who has been seriously harmed by the actions of the other shareholders or by the company itself, to request to be bought out. In such cases, the court may order the remaining shareholders or the company to acquire the shares at a fair price.

What sets the Dutch approach apart is the speed and flexibility of the new procedure. Disputes are handled directly by the Enterprise Chamber, bypassing lower courts and reducing delays. Once the court decides on the merits of the case, the determination of the share price and the transfer of shares follow swiftly, with only one possible appeal to the Supreme Court. The court can also address related claims, such as damages or director liability, within the same procedure. To safeguard the company during the dispute, temporary measures — like suspension of voting rights or changes in management — can be imposed.

Determining the value of the shares is a crucial aspect of the process. Independent experts advise the court, taking into account all relevant circumstances and the parties’ agreements. The court is not bound by these opinions and can adjust the price if it would otherwise be manifestly unfair. If the value of the shares has been reduced by the departing shareholder’s conduct, the court may award additional compensation to the affected party.

While the new scheme provides robust dispute-resolution mechanisms, Dutch law also encourages companies to prevent such conflicts from arising in the first place. This is best achieved by drafting clear articles of association and shareholder agreements, covering matters such as voting rights, decision-making processes, restrictions on share transfers, and dispute resolution clauses. For international investors and business owners, seeking proactive legal advice is recommended when setting up or investing in Dutch entities.

In summary, the new Dutch shareholder dispute resolution scheme offers international businesses a reliable, efficient, and fair way to resolve internal conflicts. Whether you are a majority or minority shareholder, understanding your rights and options under Dutch law is crucial. If you are considering doing business in the Netherlands or facing a shareholder dispute, consulting a Dutch corporate lawyer will help ensure your interests are protected and your agreements are future-proof.

Should you wish to explore practical examples of dispute clauses or receive advice tailored to your situation, do not hesitate to reach out for expert guidance.